Aerospace Log #5 – Standard development in aviation

From ARINC 429 to highly complex fiber optic connections

Whether in aviation, defense or industrial automation: Embedded systems are the backbone of complex electronic systems. However, the way in which data is transferred between components has changed fundamentally in recent decades.

1. ARINC: The origin of standardized communication

The story begins in the 1940s with the founding of Aeronautical Radio, Incorporated (ARINC)
Their goal: The standardization of electronic communication in aircraft. ARINC thus became the central driver for interoperable aviation electronics.

  • ARINC 429 (1977): Probably the best-known standard, it defines a unidirectional, serial communication protocol with a fixed data rate of 100 kbit/s. It is still inserted in many airplanes worldwide.
  • ARINC 629 (1990s):  As the successor to ARINC 429, it was intended to enable bidirectional, multi-channel communication - e.g. in the Boeing 777.
  • ARINC 664 (2000s): Also known as AFDX (Avionics Full-Duplex Switched Ethernet). It is based on Ethernet technology and brings deterministic data rates in real time to aviation - the bridge to the IT world. 

2. Embedded Systems: Growing requirements for bandwidth and real-time capability

The digital transformation has significantly increased the requirements for embedded systems. What used to be analog sensors and simple control commands are now high-resolution cameras, extensive diagnostic data and real-time controls. The consequences:

  • Data volumes are exploding: In modern airplanes or autonomous vehicles, several gigabits of sensor data are generated every second.
  • Real-time communication is becoming critical: Control commands must be processed reliably within microseconds - whether for fly-by-wire or Industry 4.0 applications.
  • Integration instead of isolated solutions: The trend is towards highly integrated system architectures with a central data backbone.

These requirements led to a technological leap in the physical transmission level.

3. From coax to fiber optic: The physical shift in transition

In the past, coaxial cables dominated as the go-to-solution - robust, electromagnetically shielded and comparatively easy to integrate. But they are coming up against physical limits:

  • Limited bandwidth and range
  • Weight and bending radii as a disadvantage in the aerospace industry
  • Susceptibility to electromagnetic interference

This is where fiber optics took over

  • Fiber optics enable extremely high data rates - over 10 Gbit/s are no problem.
  • They are insensitive to electromagnetic radiation, lightweight and ideal for insertion in harsh environments.
  • Thanks to protocols such as ARINC 818 (Digital Video Interface), glass fiber is also increasingly being used in video and sensor data transmission.

The simple integration of these technologies was already supported in the past by standardized units such as board-to-board connections according to VITA 67 (coaxial). However, with the increasing introduction of more powerful glass fiber technology, these standards have also been replaced. The current VITA 66 (board-to-board glass fiber) solutions offered the perfect conditions for replacing the coaxial connections with as little effort as possible.

Due to the considerable advantages of the contactless Expanded Beam Performance technology, it is very likely that the distribution of the VITA 66 variant will also decline in the future to make room for its highly potent successor, VITA 96.

4. Outlook: Glass fiber as the backbone of future embedded networks

The future belongs to networked, software-defined embedded systems - in the air, on the road and in industry. Glass fiber is becoming a critical infrastructure:

  • Scalable: High bandwidths for new applications such as AI-supported sensors or edge computing
  • Future-proof: Compatible with modern communication standards such as Ethernet/IP, AFDX or Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN)
  • Weight saving: A decisive factor, especially in mobile applications

History meets high-tech

From ARINC 429 to the requirements of modern embedded systems and the insert of fiber optics: Standardization, miniaturization and high-performance transmission are not a contradiction, but a logical development path. Anyone planning embedded communication today should not just focus on yesterday's standards - but actively shape technological change.

Interested in solutions for robust data rates in demanding embedded applications?
We will be happy to advise you on connectors, cable systems and technologies for next-generation communication.